Prenatal examination cervical smear mild inflammation of nipples

The examination of gynecological diseases first needs to check whether there is any lesion in the cervix. This first requires the most basic diagnosis, which is to check through cervical smear. It mainly involves taking some cervical cells to make a smear and observing whether the cells have abnormal division to find out whether there is any disease problem. There are still many people who don’t know about this common project, so today we will introduce it to you.

Pap smear concept

The cervical smear test is one of the basic items in gynecological examinations and is also the fastest and most effective method in medicine to diagnose whether a woman has cervical cancer. A small amount of cells is often removed from the cervix, placed on a glass slide, and then observed under a microscope to see if the cells are abnormal. There is no pain and it will not cause cervical damage. If a woman has been sexually active for three years or has been sexually active since she was 21 years old, she can have regular cervical smear tests if conditions permit.

The significance of cervical smear test

The cervical smear is also called the "cancer prevention smear" because it can help screen for early cervical cancer. There are no symptoms of early cervical cancer, but doctors can use this test to detect subtle changes in cervical cells, allowing cancer to be eliminated before it actually breaks out. With the help of this examination, it is estimated that the mortality rate from cervical cancer has been reduced by 70%.

Cervical smear test is suitable for people

Women who have had sexual activity for three years or who are 21 years old or older should undergo this examination regularly. Normally, inspections are done once a year.

Some women are very susceptible to cervical cancer and should pay more attention to the positive significance of cervical smears, such as: women who marry and have children early, women with a history of miscarriage or sexually transmitted diseases, women who give birth multiple times, women with rich sex lives with different partners, or women with poor living habits.

Cervical smear test steps

1. Fully expose the external cervical opening and gently remove the secretions on the surface of the cervix with a cotton swab;

2. Insert the special cervical scraper into the cervical canal, then rotate the cervical smear 360° around the cervix at the external opening, and gently scrape the mucous membrane and secretions here;

3. Spread the scraped sample evenly on the numbered glass slide;

4. Quickly fix the glass slide in 95% ethanol for at least a quarter of an hour;

5. Remove the glass slide and stain it using the Papanicolaou method and observe the cells under a microscope.

How to read Pap smear test results

The examination results divide the cells into five grades, I to V, based on the characteristics of Papanicolaou staining.

1. Pap test grade I: All cells in the smear appear normal, no risk.

2. Pap test grade II: There are abnormal changes in the cells in the smear, indicating inflammation. Usually the inflammation is treated first, and then the Pap smear is repeated.

3. Papanicolaou grade III: mild atypical hyperplastic cells. There are suspicious cancer cells in the smear, and the cell nucleus is degenerate, but it cannot be confirmed as cervical cancer. You need to return for further examination at any time.

4. Papanicolaou grade IV: severe atypical hyperplastic cells. The cancer cells in the smear are highly suspected to be malignant cells and need to be further confirmed through colposcopy, endocervical curettage, etc.

5. Pap test grade V: Cancer cells are clearly present in the smear, which can be confirmed as cancer.

49 Benign reactive cell changes inflammation

Reactive cellular changes are common clinical findings in cervical inflammation. Cervicitis is a common disease among women of childbearing age and can be either acute or chronic. Acute cervicitis often coexists with acute endometritis or acute vaginitis, but chronic cervicitis is more common.

What causes reactive cell changes?

It occurs after injury to the cervix due to childbirth, miscarriage, or surgery.

The main pathogens are:

1) Pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma chlamydia.

2) Endogenous pathogens: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and anaerobic bacteria, etc.

3) Others: Protozoa include Trichomonas and Ameba. In special cases, it is caused by chemicals and radiation.

How should reactive cell changes be diagnosed?

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nucleic acid testing, secretion examination, bacterial culture and bacterial drug sensitivity test, and cervical smear for lymphocytological classification.

Vaginal B-mode ultrasound examination and colposcopy-guided biopsy.

Benign reactive cell change inflammation is an inflammatory change, which can usually be treated with topical suppositories, while paying attention to local hygiene and sexual hygiene. It is recommended to check TcT every year because TcT is one of the two cancer screening items.