How are adnexal cysts formed?

With the rapid development of modern medicine, when people feel unwell, they generally choose to go directly to the hospital for treatment to eliminate the disease in time and reduce physical pain. But we also know that many diseases occur for reasons. For example, the occurrence of adnexal cysts is related to many factors, such as infection and heredity.

How are adnexal cysts formed?

1. Genetic and family factors

Possible genetic factors of human ovarian tumors. It has been found that many people with primary tumors in other parts of the body (especially breast cancer) are associated with ovarian cancer. Tumorigenesis has innate factors, possibly due to immune dysfunction. A tendency to develop mesothelioma, breast cancer, or ovarian cancer has been reported in several families. 20%~25% of patients with ovarian malignant tumors have a family history, and 5%~14% of women with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome develop ovarian tumors. Especially epithelial cancer, some syndromes have been confirmed to be related to ovarian cancer, such as breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, familial ovarian cancer in a specific location and Lynch syndrome type II, basal cell blast syndrome, Peutz-Jegher syndrome and mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.

2. Nutrition and socioeconomic status

Improvements in nutrition and socioeconomic conditions are associated with an increased incidence of ovarian cancer. The incidence of ovarian cancer in first-generation Japanese immigrants to the United States is higher than that in women who have lived in Japan for generations.

3. Environmental factors

The high incidence of ovarian cancer in industrially developed countries may be related to high-cholesterol diet and industrial pollution.

4. Endocrine factors

The average number of pregnancies among ovarian cancer patients is low, and the disease is more common in non-pregnant women, indicating that pregnancy may protect women from or reduce the risk of ovarian cancer because cessation of ovulation during pregnancy can reduce ovarian epithelial damage. This is also illustrated by the fact that ovarian cancer often occurs in women who have had few pregnancies or are nulliparous. Early childbearing, early menopause, and use of oral contraceptives are protective factors for ovarian cancer. The chance of breast cancer and endometrial cancer combined with functional ovarian cancer is twice as high as that of ordinary women, indicating that all three are hormone-dependent tumors.

5. Relationship between ovulation and cancer

Malnutrition can reduce the number of ovulations. In fact, ovulation is an important carcinogenic factor. Cyclic ovulation repeatedly causes damage and stimulation to the ovarian mesothelium, and also lacks a persistent physiological recovery period. This may explain why the ovarian mesothelium has a tendency to malignant transformation compared with the peritoneum. Ovulation also causes defects and unevenness on the ovarian surface, which can easily lead to the formation of ovarian mesothelial closed cysts, causing carcinogenic factors to accumulate and remain in them for a long time and attach to the mesothelium.

6. Endogenous stimulants and the physiological position of the ovaries

Other factors that may contribute to the formation of ovarian tumors are endogenous stimuli, such as the endometrium, ovarian secretions, and menstruation. The ovaries are often located at the lowest position in the pelvic cavity, and the intra-abdominal fluid (which may contain chemical or viral carcinogens) often stays there and infiltrates the ovarian mesothelium, which can explain the tendency of ovarian mesothelium to become malignant and why ovarian tumors occur more frequently on both sides. Ovarian mesothelioma has an important close relationship with frequent complications of uterine body and ovarian malignant tumors. It can be explained by "regional carcinogenesis".

7. Gonadotropin stimulation

The highest incidence of ovarian tumors is related to the increase in gonadotropin in women before and after menopause. This state can last for at least 25 years after menopause. Continuous stimulation of the ovarian stroma by gonadotropin promotes the proliferation and activation of the stroma, resulting in persistent estrogen secretion. The proliferation of ovarian fibers caused by gonadotropin stimulation and the proliferation of ovarian epithelium caused by secondary estrogen stimulation combine to form fibroadenoma.

8. Immune dysfunction

The incidence of malignant tumors in patients with congenital immunodeficiency is 10,000 times higher than in the control group. The incidence of ovarian cancer is significantly increased in women who are immunosuppressed due to tissue transplantation or chemotherapy for other tumors. Due to the immune dysfunction associated with the aging process, the incidence of ovarian cancer increases in women more than 5 years after menopause.

9. Radiation

There is controversy over whether radiation used in anovulatory irradiation or pelvic radiotherapy can cause ovarian tumors. Most reports of patients developing pelvic wall sarcoma, uterine adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma after radiotherapy, but ovarian cancer does not seem to increase.