What are the causes of vaginal spotting?

The vagina is a part of the body where women are prone to problems. In addition to menstrual bleeding, many women also have bleeding symptoms in their daily lives, such as spotting, which makes women very nervous and want to know the cause. So, what are the causes of vaginal spotting? Let’s take a closer look below.

1. When there is an imbalance in sex hormone secretion and anovulatory functional uterine bleeding, the single and long-term estrogen stimulation causes the endometrium to proliferate progressively, proliferate to a highly adenocystic type, adenomatous hyperplasia, and even gradually become endometrial cancer. Due to the lack of progesterone antagonism and glandular secretion, the endometrium is thickened, the glands increase, the glandular cavity is enlarged, and the glandular epithelium proliferates abnormally. The intimal blood supply increases and the spiral arterioles become tortuous. The polymerization and gelation of acidic particulate polysaccharide (AMPS) caused by estrogen reduces the permeability of blood vessels in the interstitium, affects the exchange of substances, causes local endometrial tissue ischemia, necrosis, and shedding, and causes bleeding. The coagulation effect of acidic particulate polysaccharide also hinders the shedding of the endometrium, causing asynchronous exfoliation of the endometrium and causing long-term irregular bleeding of the endometrium.

When there is ovulatory functional uterine bleeding, the corpus luteum may degenerate prematurely, resulting in a short luteal phase and frequent menstruation; or it may be incompletely atrophied and continuous secretion of progesterone, resulting in luteal phase (premenstrual) bleeding, prolonged menstruation, and continuous spotting, or both. The mechanism is insufficient secretion of estrogen and progesterone, especially insufficient secretion of progesterone, which causes the endometrium to be completely secreted, with immature development of glands, stroma and blood vessels, and due to the asynchronous withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone, irregular exfoliation of the endometrium and abnormal bleeding occur.

2. The role of prostaglandins It is known that prostaglandins (PGs), especially PGE2, PGF2 thromboxane (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGL2), are a group of highly active vascular and coagulation function regulatory factors. They affect endometrial bleeding function by regulating uterine blood flow, spiral arterioles and microcirculation, muscle contraction activity, endometrial lysosomal function and coagulation fibrinolytic activity.

TXA2 is produced in platelets, which causes microvascular constriction. Platelet aggregation, thrombosis, and hemostasis. PGL2 is produced in the blood vessel wall and has the opposite effect to TXA2, strongly dilating the microvessels, resisting platelet aggregation and preventing thrombosis. PGFa can cause constriction of endometrial spiral arteries, while PGE2 can dilate blood vessels. So TXA2 and PGL2, PGF2a. Disturbances in PGE2 function and dynamic balance can cause endometrial bleeding.

The above is an introduction to the causes of vaginal spotting. I hope it will be helpful for women to understand. There are many factors that cause vaginal bleeding in women, and most of them are relatively serious. When you find it, you must go to a regular hospital for diagnosis in time, and then take effective measures to treat it to avoid more serious consequences.