Causes of miscarriage during two months of pregnancy

I believe everyone knows one thing: the first three months of pregnancy are often the most dangerous and worrying period for pregnant women. It is generally believed that the fetus is unstable and prone to miscarriage, especially in the second month of pregnancy, when the possibility of miscarriage is greater. So what are the reasons for miscarriage two months into pregnancy?

Abortion can easily be confused with certain gynecological diseases. Termination of pregnancy before 28 weeks with a fetal weight of less than 1000 grams is called miscarriage. Miscarriage that occurs before 12 weeks of pregnancy is called early miscarriage. If it occurs after 12 weeks, it is called late miscarriage.

There are many reasons leading to miscarriage, the main ones are as follows.

1. Genetic defects: In early spontaneous abortions, 50% to 60% of embryos have chromosomal abnormalities, most of which are abnormalities in chromosome number, followed by abnormalities in chromosome structure. Numerical abnormalities include trisomy, triploidy and X monosomy; structural abnormalities include chromosome breakage, inversion, deletion and translocation. Most embryos with chromosomal abnormalities end in miscarriage. A very small number may continue to develop into a fetus, but some functional abnormalities or combined malformations may occur after birth. If a miscarriage has occurred, the products of conception are sometimes just an empty gestational sac or a degenerated embryo.

2. Environmental factors There are many adverse external factors that affect reproductive function, which can directly or indirectly cause damage to the embryo or fetus. Excessive exposure to certain harmful chemicals (such as arsenic, lead, benzene, formaldehyde, chloroprene, ethylene oxide, etc.) and physical factors (such as radiation, noise and high temperature, etc.) can cause miscarriage.

3. Maternal factors (1) Systemic diseases: Acute illness during pregnancy and high fever can cause uterine contractions and lead to miscarriage; bacterial toxins or viruses (herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, etc.) enter the fetal blood circulation through the placenta, causing fetal death and miscarriage. In addition, pregnant women suffering from severe anemia or heart failure may cause fetal hypoxia and may also cause miscarriage. If a pregnant woman suffers from chronic nephritis or hypertension, the placenta may become infarcted and cause miscarriage. (2) Reproductive organ diseases: Pregnant women may suffer from uterine malformations (such as double uterus, septate uterus and uterine hypoplasia) and pelvic tumors (such as uterine fibroids) which may affect the growth and development of the fetus and lead to miscarriage. If the internal os of the cervix is ​​loose or the cervix is ​​severely lacerated, late miscarriage may occur easily due to premature rupture of membranes. (3) Endocrine disorders: Hypothyroidism, uncontrolled severe diabetes, and luteal insufficiency can all lead to miscarriage. (4) Trauma: Abdominal surgery during pregnancy, especially in the early stages of pregnancy, or trauma during mid-pregnancy can cause uterine contractions and lead to miscarriage.

4. Insufficient placental endocrine function In early pregnancy, in addition to the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary, the placental trophoblast cells also gradually produce progesterone. After 8 weeks of pregnancy, the placenta gradually becomes the main site for the production of progesterone. In addition to progesterone, the placenta also synthesizes other hormones such as β-chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen and estrogen. During early pregnancy, the above hormone levels drop, making it difficult for the pregnancy to continue and leading to miscarriage.

5. Immune factors Pregnancy is like allogeneic transplantation. There is a complex and special immunological relationship between the embryo and the mother, which prevents the embryo from being rejected. If the immune system of both mother and child is not compatible, the mother may reject the embryo and cause miscarriage. The relevant immune factors mainly include paternal tissue compatibility antigens, fetal specific antigens, blood type antigens, maternal cellular immune disorder, insufficient maternal blocking antibodies during pregnancy, and insufficient maternal cytotoxic antibodies against paternal lymphocytes.

Through the introduction in the above article, I believe everyone has a clear idea of ​​the specific reasons for miscarriage in women two months of pregnancy. There are many reasons for miscarriage, which requires pregnant women and their families to pay special attention in their lives, do timely check-ups, enhance the pregnant women's own immunity, and reduce the occurrence of miscarriage.