Female organ pictures

The female urinary system includes the internal and external reproductive organs and related tissues. The female internal reproductive organs include the vagina, uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes and uterus and ovaries. The female reproductive organ refers to the exposed part of the male reproductive organ, also known as the private parts. Includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina.

Reproductive organs

1. The scope of private parts

The female reproductive organ refers to the exposed part of the male reproductive organ, also known as the private parts, which refers to the tissue between the ischial tuberosity to the perineum and the inner side of the thighs.

2. The composition of private parts

(1) The mons pubis is located in front of the ischial tuberosity, and the subcutaneous tissue is rich in adipose tissue. At the beginning of puberty, the skin above the pubic area begins to grow curly pubic hair, which is one of the secondary sexual characteristics.

(2) The labia majora are a pair of raised skin folds on both sides of the private parts. It connects to the mons pubis in front and the perineum in the back. The subcutaneous tissue of the labia majora contains human fat tissue and venous plexus, which are prone to abscesses after some injuries.

(3) The labia minora are located inside the labia majora. It is a pair of longitudinal skin folds with a moist surface similar to mucous membrane, brown in color, hairless, and containing peripheral nerves, so it is extremely sensitive.

(4) The clitoris is located at the front end of the labia minora. It is the cavernous tissue of the penis, and the glans clitoris contains peripheral nerves and is extremely sensitive.

(5) The vaginal vestibule is the angular area between the labia minora. There is the urethral opening just in front of the vestibular function, and the vaginal opening just behind it. Blood pressure urethral opening: located between the clitoris and the vulva, it is an irregular oval small round hole. There is a pair of glandular ducts on both sides of the posterior wall of the urethral opening, called paraurethral glands, which are often where pathogens hide. Bartholin's glands: also known as Bartholin's glands. Located on the back of the labia majora, it is the glandular duct on both sides of the vulva. It is as big as a soybean; the gland is 1 to 2 cm long and opens in the groove between the labia minora and the hymen. During sexual arousal, yellowish-white mucus is secreted to lubricate the body. This gland should not be touched during normal examination. If the glandular ducts are blocked due to infection, cysts or swellings may form, which can be seen or felt. Supplementary vestibular bulb: also known as the bulbar cavernous body, located on both sides of the anterior lip and composed of a hard venous plexus, the surface is covered with bulbar cavernous muscles. The vulva and hymen are broken: The vulva is located directly below the urethral opening, and the vulva is covered with a layer of film, which is called hymen rupture. There is an opening in the center of the membrane. Menstruation is discharged during the menstrual period.

Internal genitalia

The female internal reproductive organs include the vagina, uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes and uterus and ovaries, the latter two are called appendages.

1. Intravaginal

It is a safe passage for the discharge of sexual organs, menstrual blood and the delivery of the fetus.

(1) Location and shape: It is located in the center of the lower side of the true pelvis, presenting a tube that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. The front wall is 7 to 9 cm long, close to the bladder and urethral opening, and the back wall is 10 to 12 cm long, close to the duodenum. The upper part of the vagina surrounds the cervix, and the part around the cervix is ​​called the vaginal vault. According to its location, it is divided into four parts: anterior, posterior, left, and right. Among them, the posterior fornix is ​​deep and closely adjacent to the duodenal pouch. It is the lowest position of the pelvis, and clinically, puncture or drainage can be performed through it. The vagina opens at the lower part behind the vestibule.

(2) Tissue structure: The vaginal wall is composed of mucosa, muscle layer and chemical fiber tissue membrane, with many longitudinal wrinkles, so it has great flexibility. The vaginal mucosa is dark red, covered with stratified squamous epithelial cells, and has no glandular ducts. The vaginal muscular layer is composed of a double layer of smooth muscle fibers, the surface layer is vertical, the inner layer is circular, and there is a layer of fiber tissue membrane on the outside of the muscular layer, which contains most elastic fibers and a small amount of smooth muscle fibers.

The vaginal mucosa undergoes regular changes under the influence of estrogen. The epithelial cells of the vaginal mucosa of phantom women and postmenopausal women are very thin, with few wrinkles and low flexibility, making them prone to trauma and bleeding. Because the vaginal wall has a large number of venous plexuses, partial damage may cause excessive bleeding or abscess formation.

2. The Palace

A human organ with thick walls, small cavities, and dominated by muscles. The mucous membrane covering the cavity is called the uterine wall. After puberty, it is affected by estrogen to produce regular changes and cause menstruation; during pregnancy, it creates a fetus.

(1) Shape: The uterus of an adult is slightly flattened from front to back and from left to right and inverted pear-shaped. It weighs 50g, is 7-8cm long, 4-5cm wide, 2-3cm thick, and has a uterine cavity volume of 5ml. The wider upper end of the uterus is the uterine body, the protruding part at the upper end is the uterine fundus, the two sides are the uterine horns, and the cylindrical lower part of the uterus is the cervix. The uterine cavity is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. The muscle wall at the narrowest point between the uterine body and the cervix is ​​1 cm long during the non-pregnancy period. Its upper part is relatively narrow in shape and becomes the anatomical internal opening of the human body. Its lower part is the place where the uterine wall tissue transforms into the cervical mucosa, so it is called the histological internal opening. The length of the cervix is ​​2.5 to 3 cm, and the external os of the cervix is ​​at the bottom. The part of the cervix that extends into the female vagina is called the cervicovaginal part, and the part above the vagina is called the upper cervicovaginal part. The external cervical os of non-pregnant women is perfectly round, while the external cervical os of pregnant women may be transversely fissured due to the impact of childbirth.

(2) Tissue structure: The structure of the uterine body and cervix is ​​different. Blood pressure uterine body: The uterine body wall is composed of 3 layers of tissue, the surface layer is the serosa (retroperitoneum of the visceral layer), the inner layer is the muscle layer, and the inner layer is the uterine wall. The uterine wall is a layer of light pink mucous membrane tissue. From the beginning of puberty, it is affected by ovarian hormones, and the surface 2/3 of it can undergo regular changes and is called the functional layer; the remaining 1/3 of the endometrium close to the myometrium of the uterus undergoes irregular changes and is called the dermis. The uterine myolayer is thick, about 0.8 cm thick when not pregnant. The muscular layer is composed of smooth muscle bundles and elastic fibers. The muscle bundles are winding like a net structure, which can be roughly divided into three layers: the surface layer is mostly vertical columns, the inner layer is circular, and the middle and high layers are mostly staggered. Some people also call it "outer longitudinal, inner circular, and middle cross". The myometrium contains blood vessels, which are constricted during uterine contractions, and can effectively prevent abnormal uterine bleeding after childbirth. Blood cervix: mainly composed of connective tissue, also contains smooth muscle fibers, blood vessels and elastic fibers. The squamous epithelial cells of the endocervical mucosa are single-sided tall columnar. There are many glandular ducts in the mucosal layer that can metabolize alkaline mucus and produce mucus plugs in the endocervical canal, separating the endocervical canal from the outside. The inside of the cervix and vagina is covered with stratified squamous epithelium with a smooth surface. The junction of the columnar epithelial cells and the squamous epithelium at the cervical os is a common site of cervical cancer, and it undergoes regular displacement under the influence of growth hormone. The uterus is located in the center of the pelvis, between the bladder and the duodenum, connected to the vagina below, with bilateral fallopian tubes and uterus and ovaries on both sides. The normal position of the uterus is in a slightly extended and flexed position, relying mainly on the shoulder function of the uterine ligaments and pelvic floor muscles and myofascia. There are four pairs of weight-bearing uterine ligaments: the round ligament, the latissimus dorsi, the cardinal tendon and the uterosacral tendon. If the tendons, pelvic floor muscles and muscle fascia are weak or damaged, it may cause abnormal position of the uterus and lead to varying degrees of pelvic organ prolapse.

3. Bilateral fallopian tubes

The bilateral fallopian tubes are the place where the egg cell and the male sperm meet, and are also the pipelines for transporting sperm and egg to the uterine cavity for combination. It is a pair of long, thin and curved tubes located within the inner edge of the platysma tendon of the uterus. The inner side is connected to the uterine horn, and the toe is mineral acid, close to the uterus and ovaries. About 8 to 14 cm long. According to the shape of the bilateral fallopian tubes, they can be divided into four parts from the inside to the outside: the interstitial part, the muscular wall, the ampulla and the fimbria.

The walls of both fallopian tubes are composed of three layers: the surface layer is the serosa layer, the middle and high layers are the smooth muscle layer, and the inner layer is the mucosal layer. The inner layer contains microvilli somatic cells, the movement of which facilitates the transport of egg cells.

4. Uterus and ovaries

It is a pair of flat oval sex hormones that have reproductive and endocrine functions, produce and release eggs, and secrete estrogen. Before puberty, the surface of the uterus and ovaries is smooth; after the beginning of ovulation during puberty, the surface gradually becomes uneven; the uterus and ovaries of adult women are about 4cm x 3cm x 1cm in size, weigh 5 to 6g, and are grayish white; after menopause, the ovaries shrink, become hard, and shrink. The uterus and ovaries are connected to the pelvic wall on both sides by the pelvic Brugge infundibulum tendons, and the inner side is connected to the uterus by the original tendons of the uterus and ovaries.

There is no retroperitoneum on the surface of the uterus and ovaries, and it is covered by a single-sided cubic epithelial cell called the alopecia areata epithelial cell; there is a layer of chemical fiber tissue called the uterine and ovarian white membrane. Straight inside is the uterine and ovarian tissue, which is divided into cortex and medulla. The cortex is on the surface, which contains countless primordial eggs (also known as primordial eggs) and dense connective tissue; the medulla is in the center, without eggs, containing loose connective tissue and rich blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and a small amount of smooth muscle fibers that are connected to the ovarian suspensory tendons and play a role in ovarian movement.

The internal reproductive organs play an important role in the process of IVF during pregnancy: the perfect egg is released from the ovary during ovulation, the end of the fallopian tube "picks up the egg", and the egg enters the ampulla of the fallopian tube. At this time, the cervical mucus plug becomes thinner, which is suitable for sperm to enter. After sexual intercourse, semen enters the posterior fornix of the vagina, and some sperm travel through the cervical canal and uterine cavity and enter the fallopian tubes. At the junction of the bilateral fallopian tube muscle wall and the ampulla, the sperm and egg combine to form a new reproductive cell. This process is called fertilization. Although hundreds of millions of sperm can be discharged during a male ejaculation, only a few can reach the fertilization site. The fertilization ability of male sperm in the female reproductive system can only last for about 48 hours. The loaded sperm and egg combine slowly moves to the uterus under the action of the peristalsis and microvilli of the fallopian tubes, and the cell division of the sperm and egg combination is carried out at the same time. The development and operation of sperm-egg fusion are carried out separately. Due to the peristalsis of the thick muscles of the fallopian tube walls on both sides and the shaking of the microvilli of the fallopian tube mucosa on both sides, the sperm and egg combine and gradually move toward the uterine body and arrive at the uterine cavity 3 to 4 days after fertilization. Full-term is 7 to 8 days after fertilization, when the sperm and egg combine to grow and develop into an embryo or blastocyst, and its trophoblast cells come into contact with the uterine wall. The blastocyst goes through three steps: precise positioning, adhesion and penetration, and is embedded in the uterine wall to become an implanted embryo. The uterus only allows the blastocyst embryo to implant during a very short critical period, which is the critical period or receptive period of the uterus. About 9 to 10 days after fertilization, the inner cell mass rapidly multiplies and divides, breaking down into two layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm. The two layers of cells divide rapidly and form an inner cavity, namely the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac. The tissue between the two is called the embryonic disc, which will divide and become parts of the fetus in the future. At the beginning of the third week after fertilization, the embryonic disc gradually divides into three germ layers: inner, outer and middle, and the test tube embryo is formed.