Pregnancy test sheet picture

Every time pregnant mothers go to the hospital for a prenatal check-up, they are confused by the professional terms on the test sheet. Even if the doctor asks clearly, they are still worried, after all, so many indicators are inconsistent. Below I will analyze for you the meaning of each term in the prenatal examination form.

1. Routine blood test

Examination items: hemoglobin concentration, platelet, white blood cell count, etc.

It is mainly used to determine whether the pregnant mother is anemic. The standard value is 100g/L-160g/L. Mild anemia does not have much impact on the mother and pregnant woman during childbirth, but severe anemia can cause adverse effects such as premature birth and low birth weight babies.

Report analysis: White blood cell count plays a role in eliminating pathogens and protecting physical and mental health in the body. The standard value is 4-10 periodontal 109/L. Exceeding this range indicates the possibility of infection, but it will increase slightly during pregnancy. Platelets play a key role in the whole process of blood circulation. The standard value is 100-300 1012/L. If the platelet count is less than 100 1012/L, it may affect the coagulation of pregnant women.

2 Urine test

Examination items: protein, sugar and ketone bodies in urine, smear blood cell and white blood cell count, etc.

Under normal circumstances, the above index values ​​are all negative.

Report analysis: If the protein is positive, it indicates the possibility of pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic kidney disease. If sugar or ketone bodies are positive, it indicates the possibility of diabetes and further testing is needed. If high blood cell and white blood cell counts are detected, it indicates the possibility of urinary tract infection and needs to be taken seriously. If accompanied by symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and inability to hold urine, timely medical treatment is required.

3. Liver and kidney function tests

Examination items: alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), etc.

These are mainly to check whether pregnant mothers have hepatitis, nephritis and other diseases. During pregnancy, the pressure on the liver and kidney functions is increased. If the above indicators exceed the normal range, it indicates that the liver and kidney functions are abnormal, and pregnancy will make the original symptoms "unexpectedly".

Report analysis: Standard values ​​of liver function tests: alanine aminotransferase 0-55U/L; aspartate aminotransferase 0-55U/L.

Standard values ​​of renal function: urea nitrogen 9-20Mg/dl; creatinine 0.5-1.1mg/dl.

4. Blood test

Examination items: (1) ABO blood type; (2) Rh blood type.

Check blood type for intravenous injection during delivery. It is important for pregnant mothers to know their blood type.

Report analysis: If the pregnant father has type A, type B or type AB blood and the pregnant mother has type O blood, the baby may have ABO hemolytic disease. Among the Asian population, there are relatively few people with Rh negative blood type, and most of them have Rh positive blood type. If the Rh blood types of men and women do not match, hemolytic anemia may also occur in the fetus. If the pregnant mother is Rh negative, Rh negative blood should be prepared in the hospital clinic before delivery, so that it can be injected intravenously immediately if an accident occurs during delivery.

5Syphilis serological test

Examination items: (1) Transprostatic antigen hemagglutination test (TPHA); (2) Rapid hemoglobin test (RPR).

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. If a pregnant mother has syphilis, it can be directly transmitted to the fetus through the embryo, and there is a possibility of congenital syphilis in the newborn.

Report analysis: For normal pregnant women, the results of these two tests were negative. When the body is infected with Treponema pallidum, two antigens will be produced, mainly manifested as RPR positive and TPHA positive. The specificity of RPR positivity is not high and it may be affected by other diseases and appear positive. TPHA positivity can be used as a diagnostic test for syphilis.

6. Serological tests for AIDS

Examination items: AIDS (HIV) antigen.

AIDS is the literal translation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, which is a serious immunodeficiency disease whose pathogen is HIV virus infection. Normal pregnant women HIV antigen is negative.

Report analysis: If infected with HIV, the result is positive. HIV infection can be transmitted to the fetus through the embryo, causing newborn HIV infection.

7. Gonorrhea intestinal pathogens inspection

Inspection items: Chlamydia modeling.

Gonorrhea is a reproductive tract infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can be directly transmitted through unclean sexual intercourse, or through clothes, toilets, equipment, etc. contaminated with gonorrhea, or it can be transmitted to newborns through the birth canal of the infected mother.

Report analysis: Generally, gonococcal test is done by taking cervical secretions from pregnant women, and the test result of normal pregnant women is negative. If the test result is positive, it indicates chlamydia infection and requires immediate medical treatment.

8Hepatitis B (HBV) virology test

Examination items: Hepatitis B virus antigen and antibody.

Among viral hepatitis, hepatitis B has the highest prevalence. It can aggravate early pregnancy reactions and easily develop into subacute severe hepatitis, which can seriously endanger life. Hepatitis B virus can infect the fetus through the embryo, and the probability of mother-to-child transmission is over 90%.

Report analysis: All indicators of normal pregnant women are negative. If the simple hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb) is positive, it means that the person has been infected with the hepatitis B virus before, but has now been cured and is immune to the hepatitis B virus. If other indicators (HBsAg, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb IgG, HBcAb IgM) are positive, attention should be paid, indicating that the current virus infection is contagious and a doctor should be consulted.

9Hepatitis C (HCV) virus test

Examination items: Hepatitis C (HCV) antigen.

Hepatitis C virus is the pathogen of hepatitis C. 75% of patients have no symptoms, and only 25% of patients have fever, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. Hepatitis C virus infection can also be transmitted from the embryo to the fetus.

Report analysis: Normally, the test result of pregnant women is negative. If it is positive, it means that there is hepatitis C virus infection, which requires the attention of doctors and pregnant women.

10 Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome

Examination items: Down syndrome serological screening.

Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome is a relatively economical, simple, and harmless test method for the fetus to identify pregnant women at high risk of having a fetus with congenital retardation. The prevalence of congenital idiocy is 1/1000 (newborns), which is one of the main causes of severe congenital intellectual disability. Normal couples are also likely to give birth to patients with congenital idiocy, and the prevalence rate increases with the increase of the mother's age.

Report analysis: Every pregnant mother is tested between 14 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. A negative report only means that the chance of the fetus having such congenital abnormalities is very low, and it cannot completely rule out such abnormalities. The results of prenatal diagnosis are expressed as a risk rate. If the risk is >1/275, it is considered a positive screening result, and further amniotic fluid examination is required.

11Prenatal diagnosis of TORCH syndrome

Examination items: Rubella virus (RV), Toxoplasma gondii (TOX), Rubella virus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus infection (HSV) antigens.

If pregnant women are infected with the above viruses before the fourth month of pregnancy, it may cause serious congenital malformations in the fetus or even miscarriage.

Report analysis: It is best to carry out this test before preparing for pregnancy. The normal result is negative. If the test is positive, you should be treated before getting pregnant. Pregnant women who keep pets at home should be checked.

12. Electrocardiogram

Examination items: electrocardiogram.

This test is to rule out heart disease to determine whether the pregnant mother can bear childbirth.

Report analysis: Under normal circumstances, the result is: normal electrocardiogram. If the electrocardiogram is abnormal, you need to consult a doctor immediately and have further examinations done.

13. Color Doppler Ultrasound Examination

Examination items: B-ultrasound.

Through B-ultrasound examination, you can see the fetus's body, head, fetal heartbeat, embryo, amniotic fluid and fetal umbilical cord. It can test whether the fetus is alive, whether it is a multiple birth, and even identify whether the fetus is deformed (such as anencephaly, hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney, short limb malformation, conjoined twins, congenital heart disease, etc.).

Report analysis: The depth of amniotic fluid is normal between 3-7 cm. More than 7 cm means that the amniotic fluid of the pregnant woman is increased, and less than 3 cm means that the amniotic fluid of the pregnant woman is decreased, both of which are not good for the growth and development of the fetus. The presence of fetal heartbeat indicates that the fetus is alive. The normal fetal heart rate is 120-160 beats/minute. A heart rate below or above this range indicates that the fetus may be lacking oxygen in the uterine cavity.

14 Female secretion examination

Examination items: vaginal cleanliness, Trichomonas and Trichomonas, Gardnerella.

The secretions are a mixture of vaginal mucosal exudate, cervical canal and uterine wall glandular secretions, etc.

Report analysis: Under normal circumstances, the cleanliness level is Ⅰ-Ⅱ, and Ⅲ-Ⅳ indicates abnormal secretions, indicating Trichomonas vaginitis. A positive test for Trichomonas or Trichomonas indicates infection and requires corresponding treatment. The standard value is negative. Gardnerella is the most sensitive and specific diagnose of bacterial vaginosis. Finding Gardnerella in female secretions can confirm the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. If it is negative, it means everything is normal.

15 Pregnant women high blood sugar screening

Inspection items: 50g glucose load test.

It is a screening test for hyperglycemia in pregnant women. During the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy, take 50 grams of glucose in water orally, and draw blood for testing blood sugar levels one hour later.

Report analysis: If ≥7.8mmol/L (or 140Mg/dL), it means the screening is positive and further 75g red grape sugar screening is needed to determine whether there is hyperglycemia in pregnant women.