Although our country has clear laws prohibiting prostitution, many women still choose to become prostitutes due to the lure of money. If you work as a prostitute for a long time, you will not only damage your reputation, but also your physical health. Many infectious diseases are transmitted through sexual intercourse. Since prostitutes cannot choose their own clients, the chances of being infected are very high. Also, having sex too frequently can easily lead to cervical cancer. It is definitely harmful. Frequent sexual relations with different male friends will lead to the prevalence of cervical cancer on the one hand, and infectious diseases on the other hand, which are more common. Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. The peak age for carcinoma in situ is 30 to 35 years old, and for invasive carcinoma it is 45 to 55 years old. In recent years, the incidence has tended to be younger. The widespread use of cervical cytology screening in recent decades has enabled the early detection and treatment of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions, and the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have dropped significantly. Clinical manifestations Early cervical cancer often has no obvious symptoms and signs, and the cervix may be smooth or difficult to distinguish from cervical columnar epithelium ectopia. Patients with cervical canal type are easily missed or misdiagnosed because of their normal cervical appearance. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear: 1. Symptoms (1) In the early stage of vaginal bleeding, it is mostly contact bleeding; in the middle and late stages, it is irregular vaginal bleeding. The amount of bleeding varies depending on the size of the lesion and the extent of invasion of interstitial blood vessels. If large blood vessels are invaded, massive bleeding may occur. Young patients may also experience prolonged menstruation and increased menstrual flow; elderly patients often experience irregular vaginal bleeding after menopause. Generally, vaginal bleeding symptoms appear earlier in the exogenous type and the amount of bleeding is heavy, while the symptoms appear later in the endogenous type. (2) Vaginal discharge Most patients have vaginal discharge. The fluid is white or bloody. It may be as thin as water or rice water, or have a fishy odor. Patients in the late stage may have a large amount of rice-soup-like or purulent and foul-smelling leucorrhea due to necrosis of cancerous tissue and infection. (3) Late-stage symptoms include different secondary symptoms depending on the extent of cancer involvement. Such as frequent urination, urgency, constipation, swelling and pain in the lower limbs, etc.; when the tumor compresses or involves the ureter, it can cause ureteral obstruction, hydronephrosis and uremia; in the late stage, there may be symptoms of systemic failure such as anemia and cachexia. 2. Physical signs Carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma may have no obvious macroscopic lesions, and the cervix may be smooth or only have columnar epithelial ectopia. Different signs may appear as the disease progresses. Exophytic cervical cancer may be manifested by polyp-like and cauliflower-like growths, which are often accompanied by infection, and the tumors are brittle and prone to bleeding. Endophytic cervical cancer is manifested by hypertrophy, hardness, and dilation of the cervical canal. In the late stage, the cancerous tissue necrose and falls off, forming ulcers or cavities with a foul odor. When the vaginal wall is affected, growths can be seen growing on the vaginal wall or the vaginal wall becomes hard; when the paracervical tissue is affected, bimanual and triple-manual examinations may reveal thickening, nodularity, and hardness of the paracervical tissue, or the formation of a frozen pelvic cavity. 3. Pathological type The three most common types are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma. (1) Squamous cell carcinoma is divided into grade III according to histological differentiation. Grade I is well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, grade II is moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (non-keratinizing large cell type), and grade III is poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (small cell type), most of which are undifferentiated small cells. (2) Adenocarcinoma accounts for 15% to 20% of cervical cancer. There are 2 main histological types. ① Mucinous adenocarcinoma: The most common type, originating from the columnar mucinous cells of the endocervical canal, with glandular structure visible under the microscope, multi-layered proliferation of glandular epithelial cells, obvious atypical hyperplasia, nuclear division, and cancer cells protruding into the glandular cavity in a papillary manner. It can be divided into well-, moderately- and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. ② Malignant adenoma: also known as minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, is a well-differentiated endocervical mucosal adenocarcinoma. There are many cancerous glands of different sizes and shapes, which extend into the deep layer of human cervical stroma in the form of dot-like protrusions. The glandular epithelial cells have no atypia and lymph node metastasis is common. (3) Adenosquamous carcinoma accounts for 3% to 5% of cervical cancer. It is formed by the differentiation and development of reserve cells into glandular cells and squamous cells at the same time. Cancerous tissue contains two components: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. 4. Transfer pathway It mainly spreads directly and metastasizes to the lymph nodes, while hematogenous metastasis is less common. (1) Direct spread is the most common, in which cancer tissue locally infiltrates and spreads to adjacent organs and tissues. It often affects the vaginal wall downwards, and rarely affects the vaginal cavity upwards from the cervical canal; when the cancer spreads to both sides, it can affect the paracervical and paravaginal tissues and even the pelvic wall; when the cancer compresses or invades the ureter, it can cause ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. In the late stage, it can spread forward or backward to invade the bladder or rectum, forming vesicovaginal fistula or rectovaginal fistula. (2) Lymphatic metastasis: After local infiltration, the cancer lesion invades the lymphatic vessels to form a tumor thrombus, which is then drained into the local lymph nodes with the lymph fluid and spreads within the lymphatic vessels. The first-level lymph node metastasis group includes parametrial, paracervical, obturator, internal iliac, external iliac, common iliac, and presacral lymph nodes; the second-level group includes deep inguinal lymph nodes, superficial inguinal lymph nodes, and para-aortic lymph nodes. (3) Hematogenous metastasis is less common, but in the late stage it may metastasize to the lungs, liver, or bones. |
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