Pregnant women with diabetes should be alert to the four major hazards

Diabetes in pregnant women is also a relatively common disease in daily life. There are two types of gestational diabetes, early pregnancy and late pregnancy. Generally speaking, diabetes in late pregnancy has a great impact on the fetus, which can easily lead to embryonic death and early miscarriage.

1. Effects of pregnancy on diabetes

Pregnancy can make latent diabetes manifest, cause pregnant women without diabetes to develop GDM, and worsen the condition of existing diabetic patients. Fasting blood sugar is low in early pregnancy. If pregnant women using insulin treatment do not adjust the insulin dosage in time, some patients may experience hypoglycemia.

2. Effects of diabetes on pregnancy

The impact of gestational diabetes on the mother and child and the extent of the impact depend on the severity of diabetes and the level of blood sugar control. For those with severe illness or poor blood sugar control, the impact on the mother and child is great, and the short-term and long-term complications for the mother and child are still high.

3. Impact on pregnant women

(1) High blood sugar levels can cause abnormal fetal development or even death, and the incidence of miscarriage is as high as 15% to 30%.

(2) The likelihood of developing hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is 2 to 4 times higher than that of non-diabetic pregnant women. GDM complicated by gestational hypertension may be related to the presence of severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

(3) Infection is the main complication of diabetes. Pregnant women who fail to control their blood sugar well are prone to infection, which can aggravate diabetic metabolic disorders and even induce acute complications such as ketoacidosis.

(4) The incidence of polyhydramnios is 10 times higher than that of non-diabetic pregnant women. The reason may be related to fetal hyperglycemia and hyperosmotic diuresis leading to increased fetal urine excretion.

(5) The incidence of macrosomia is significantly increased, and the chances of dystocia, birth canal injury, and operative delivery are increased.

(6) Prone to diabetic ketoacidosis. Due to the complex metabolic changes during pregnancy, coupled with high blood sugar and relative or absolute insulin deficiency, metabolic disorders further develop into accelerated fat decomposition, a sharp increase in serum ketone bodies, and further develop into metabolic acidosis.

(7) The recurrence rate of GDM pregnant women is as high as 33% to 69% when they become pregnant again. The risk of developing diabetes in the long term increases, and 17% to 63% will develop type 2 diabetes.

4. Impact on the fetus

(1) The incidence of macrosomia is as high as 25% to 42%. The reason is that the pregnant woman has high blood sugar and the fetus is in a hyperinsulinemia environment caused by the mother's high blood sugar for a long time. It promotes protein and fat synthesis and inhibits lipolysis, leading to excessive trunk development.

(2) The incidence of fetal growth restriction (FGR) was 21%. High blood sugar in early pregnancy can inhibit embryonic development, leading to delayed embryonic development in early pregnancy.

(3) Miscarriage and premature birth are prone to occur. The incidence of premature birth is 10% to 25%.

(4) The fetal malformation rate is higher than that of non-diabetic pregnant women, and the incidence of severe malformations is 7 to 10 times that of normal pregnancy. It is closely related to high blood sugar levels in the first few weeks after conception and is an important cause of perinatal mortality.