What is the contraceptive principle of the IUD?

I believe everyone is familiar with contraceptive rings. This is a contraceptive method commonly used by women. The main principle is to mechanically prevent the implantation of the fertilized egg. This contraceptive method is more suitable for women who have already given birth and is not recommended for women who have not given birth.

(1) Mechanical action: As a foreign body, it causes a mild, chronic, non-bacterial inflammatory reaction in the endometrium, thereby changing the intrauterine environment and preventing the fertilized egg from implanting.

(2) Phagocytic action: mainly macrophages and neutrophils play the role of phagocytosis and destruction of sperm.

(3) Effect of inflammatory cells: When the degenerative substances of inflammatory cells reach a certain concentration, they poison the embryo and prevent it from continuing to develop.

(4) Prostaglandin effect: The intrauterine contraceptive device can stimulate the endometrium to produce prostaglandins, which cause abnormal contraction and peristalsis of the uterus and fallopian tubes, while enhancing the effect of estrogen, making the intrauterine environment unfavorable for implantation.

(5) Action of active substances: IUDs can be made of copper metal, which can achieve the purpose of contraception through local changes in the internal environment such as the endometrium and uterine fluid, and toxic effects on sperm.

In our country, it is very common for women to use contraceptive rings. The insertion of an IUD is simple and easy, has no obvious side effects, does not affect sexual life, and will not cause problems such as missed doses and drug ineffectiveness like oral medications. It has a "once and for all" effect, and is therefore favored by many women. The IUD referred to in this article is the copper type that does not contain hormones. The advantages of using an IUD are obvious, but it is not perfect. After having an IUD inserted, some women often experience heavy menstruation, prolonged menstrual cycles, and dysmenorrhea. There are many clinical reasons for these phenomena, not just the contraceptive ring itself.