What are the symptoms of malignant hydatidiform mole?

When it comes to hydatidiform mole, most people are very scared. Some hydatidiform moles are benign, but some hydatidiform moles will become malignant. After the malignant transformation, they will be transferred to other organs of the human body, causing great harm to human health. In daily life, once a hydatidiform mole is detected, it must be treated in time to avoid worsening of the disease, affecting physical health, and possibly life safety.

1. What are the symptoms of malignant transformation of hydatidiform mole?

According to relevant statistics, the probability of a woman having a hydatidiform mole is 1.39 times out of 1,000 pregnancies. The main symptoms of hydatidiform mole are:

(1) Vaginal bleeding after menopause, which is more common in pregnant women who are 2 to 3 months pregnant;

(2) The uterus is particularly large;

(3) Pregnancy reactions are more severe and last longer; (4) Ovarian cysts appear. Some people may also experience symptoms such as abdominal pain, hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperthyroidism. Because medical technology was not as advanced as it is now, the above symptoms were usually not discovered until after pregnancy appeared. Nowadays, it is usually discovered through B-ultrasound examination in the early stages of pregnancy.

Once a hydatidiform mole is diagnosed, a curettage is performed. If the uterus is not large and has few contents, it can be scraped clean in one go. If the contents are large and there are countless blisters that will migrate, it will be difficult to scrape clean in one go, so two scrapings are required. The main reason is that cleaning the uterine contents for too long will not only increase the amount of bleeding, but also cause complications, which is not good for the patient.

Compared with partial hydatidiform mole, complete hydatidiform mole is less likely to become malignant. Generally, hydatidiform mole is limited to the uterine cavity, which is called benign hydatidiform mole. Some hydatidiform mole invades the myometrium of the uterus and even metastasizes to more distant places, which is called invasive hydatidiform mole with malignant behavior. Chemotherapy is required for hydatidiform mole in the following two situations: one is high-risk factors (such as malignant behavior), and the other is difficult to follow up after uterine curettage (such as living in a mountainous area with inconvenient transportation). It is important to go to the hospital for regular checkups after uterine curettage. If there is malignant behavior, chemotherapy should be carried out in time. And within 1 to 2 years, you should take good contraceptive measures.

Many women who have had a hydatidiform mole have a normal fetus when they become pregnant again. However, women who have had a hydatidiform mole have a higher chance of having another hydatidiform mole than normal people, and their chance of developing choriocarcinoma is also higher than normal people.

2. Why does a molar pregnancy occur?

After pregnancy, the villous trophoblasts of the embryo proliferate and the interstitial edema forms small blisters of varying sizes. The blisters are connected by the ground to form a string like grapes, which is called hydatidiform mole. Hydatidiform mole is divided into complete hydatidiform mole and partial hydatidiform mole. A complete hydatidiform mole has no embryo, while a partial hydatidiform mole has both embryonic tissue and grape-like tissue. From a clinical perspective, complete hydatidiform mole is more common.

A normal embryo is formed by the union of a normal egg and a normal sperm. Hydatidiform mole is caused by problems with the quality of sperm and egg. There are many reasons for hydatidiform mole, such as complete hydatidiform mole, there are two situations:

(1) A chromosome-deficient empty egg or a lost empty egg (an egg without chromosomes) is fertilized by a haploid sperm and replicates into a diploid egg;

(2) It is caused by the fertilization of an empty egg with missing chromosomes or a lost empty egg with two sperms.

There are three situations in which partial hydatidiform mole occurs:

(1) A normal haploid egg is fertilized by two sperm;

(2) A normal sperm fertilizes an abnormal egg;

(3) A normal egg is fertilized by an abnormal sperm.