What causes cervical lesions?

Cervical lesions can cause cervical erosion. The main causes of cervical lesions include too high frequency of sexual life, infection with AIDS, long-term smoking and drinking habits, sexual experience as a minor, or sexually transmitted diseases. These may be factors that lead to cervical lesions. Because the uterus is like an important organ of the human body, it is very likely to cause various complications due to viral infection in the body. In addition, cervical lesions do not rule out the occurrence of various complications including cervical epithelioma, cervical cancer, cervical cysts, etc. Therefore, patients need to observe the condition of the disease in the early stage and choose appropriate suppositories, freezing, and surgical methods of excision treatment to achieve the desired effect.

Cervical erosion

Cervical erosion - ectopic migration of cervical columnar epithelium

Formerly known as cervical erosion, it is caused by the shedding of cervical squamous epithelium, with the shedding surface covered by columnar epithelium and immature metaplastic squamous epithelium. Because the columnar epithelium is thin, the underlying stroma is visible, appearing as red pseudo-erosion. The term "cervical erosion" was abolished abroad in the 1980s and replaced by cervical columnar epithelium ectopia or cervical columnar epithelium ectopia. Cervical erosion refers only to true erosion caused by epithelial shedding due to various reasons.

[Clinical manifestations] Increased vaginal discharge: Due to different pathogens, the color and amount of vaginal discharge are also different. Leucorrhea may be sticky or purulent, sometimes with streaks of blood or a small amount of blood, and may also have contact bleeding. Lower abdominal pain and distension, lumbar pain, pelvic pain or dysmenorrhea, aggravated during menstruation, bowel movements or sexual intercourse.

[Treatment] For patients with cervical columnar epithelial migration, normal cervical cytology and pathogen test (-), regular follow-up is allowed and no treatment is required. If treatment is required, in principle, the columnar epithelium in the affected area should be necrotic and fall off, and the new squamous epithelium should be used to cover it and restore it to normal state. Local treatment is the main approach.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the cervix

HPV infection is a common sexually transmitted infection, and 70% to 80% of women will be infected with HPV at least once in their lifetime.

[Classification] There are more than 120 known subtypes of HPV, among which subtypes 6, 11, 42, 43, and 44 are low-risk types and generally do not induce carcinogenesis; subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82 are high-risk types, and subtypes 26, 53, and 66 are suspected high-risk types. High-risk viruses can cause abnormal cell cycle control and lead to carcinogenesis.

[Clinical manifestations] Low-risk types cause: genital warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, abnormal cervical cytology examination; high-risk types cause: flat warts, cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, etc.

[Treatment] Simple HPV infection can be followed up and observed regularly, or treated with Baofukang suppositories as recommended in the seventh edition of the textbook of obstetrics and gynecology. External genital warts: cryotherapy, surgical excision, electrocautery and diathermy, laser therapy, etc. Treatment of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer: a comprehensive management plan with surgery and radiotherapy as the main and chemotherapy as the auxiliary. Regularly observe the conversion of HPV to negative, or use drugs that can promote the conversion of HPV to negative.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a group of precancerous lesions closely related to invasive cervical cancer. It reflects the continuous process of the occurrence and development of cervical cancer and often occurs in women aged 25 to 35 years. CIN has two different outcomes: one is that the lesion regresses naturally and rarely develops into invasive cancer; the other is that the lesion has the potential to become cancerous and may develop into invasive cancer.

[Causes] Related to sexual activity, HPV infection, smoking, early sexual activity (<16 years old), sexually transmitted diseases, low economic conditions, oral contraceptives and immune preparations.

[Pathological grading] CIN can be divided into three grades: Grade I is mild atypical hyperplasia; Grade II is moderate atypical hyperplasia; Grade III is severe atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ.

【Clinical manifestations】No special symptoms. Occasionally, there is increased vaginal discharge, with or without a foul odor. Contact bleeding may also occur after sexual intercourse or a gynecological examination.

[Treatment] 60%~85% of CINⅠ will disappear naturally and should be reviewed every 6 months. If the lesion progresses during follow-up or persists for 2 years, cryosurgery and laser treatment should be performed. Both CIN Ⅱ and CIN Ⅲ require treatment, and the better treatment method is loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). CIN during pregnancy can be observed and treated after postpartum review.

Cervical cancer (CC)

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. The peak age for carcinoma in situ is 30-35 years old, and for invasive carcinoma it is 50-55 years old. In the past 40 years, due to the widespread use of cervical cytology screening, cervical cancer and precancerous lesions can be detected and treated early, and the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have dropped significantly.

[Cause] The cause is not yet fully understood, and may be related to the following factors: sexual behavior and number of births, high-risk HPV infection, and other

[Clinical manifestations] In the early stage, it is mostly contact bleeding, and in the late stage, it is irregular vaginal bleeding; most patients have white or bloody, thin, watery or rice-like, and fishy-smelling vaginal discharge; in the late stage, different secondary symptoms appear according to the scope of cancer involvement.

【Treatment】A comprehensive management plan with surgery and radiotherapy as the main and chemotherapy as the auxiliary.

Detection Methods

HC2 HPV test is the second generation hybrid capture test (numerical discrimination). It uses molecular biology technology to directly detect the cause of cervical cancer at the molecular (DNA) level. It is currently the most effective and accurate means of early detection of cervical cancer in the world. It is the only technology among all HPV detection methods that has obtained US FDA certification, and has also obtained European CE and Chinese SDA certification.

The HPV Nucleic Acid Amplification Typing Detection Kit (typing identification) can quickly and accurately diagnose the presence of 21 types of HPV viral DNA in women's cervical cell samples. It is an ideal tool for HPV DNA detection and accurate typing.

The TCT examination uses a liquid-based thin-layer cell detection system to detect cervical cells and perform cytological classification diagnosis. It is currently the most advanced cervical cancer cell cytological examination technology in the world. Compared with the traditional cervical scraping Pap smear examination, it has significantly improved the specimen satisfaction and the detection rate of abnormal cervical cells. The TCT cervical cancer cell examination has a detection rate of 100% for cervical cancer cells. It can also find some precancerous lesions and microbial infections such as fungi, Trichomonas, viruses, and Chlamydia. It can indicate HPV infection but cannot confirm it.