Common diseases and health-influencing factors among school-age children

Spring is a season with a high incidence of infectious diseases. We should strengthen our knowledge of infectious diseases and effectively prevent the occurrence of common infectious diseases in school-age children in spring. Currently, common diseases among students include many aspects, such as infectious diseases, malnutrition, and myopia. There are many overall influencing factors, and the number of people who suffer from the disease is also large.

1. Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are currently an epidemic disease with many types and great harm. For students, their immune systems are immature and they are easily affected by infectious diseases, which lead to their spread. Therefore, it is particularly important to do a good job in preventing infectious diseases and further enhance prevention and control awareness.

1. Flu

Influenza is an infectious disease caused by influenza virus transmitted through the respiratory tract. The influenza virus is generally present in the patient's mouth and nose and is also transmitted through droplets. Most cases of influenza occur suddenly, and the symptoms are obvious. The clinical manifestations are chills and fever, generally around 39°, accompanied by headaches and body aches. Some patients with serious conditions have clinical manifestations of unconsciousness and high fever. Patients with high fever and headaches need to seek medical attention in time, be isolated and treated, and pay attention to ventilation. Annual influenza vaccination is the most economical and effective way to prevent influenza. Daily protective measures can also effectively reduce the infection and spread of influenza, including maintaining good respiratory hygiene habits, paying attention to coughing and sneezing etiquette; washing hands frequently, ventilating frequently, eating a balanced diet, exercising moderately; avoiding crowded places during the influenza epidemic season.

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2. Hand, foot and mouth disease

Hand, foot and mouth disease is an infectious disease caused by a variety of enteroviruses. It is characterized by fever and rashes or herpes on the hands, mouth, feet and other parts. It may be accompanied by symptoms such as cough, runny nose and loss of appetite. Severe cases are accompanied by neurological complications, such as drowsiness, poor spirits, severe children may experience limb shaking, vomiting, rapid heartbeat and breathing, and systemic multi-organ failure. A small number of children may develop aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, pulmonary hemorrhage, myocarditis and multi-organ failure, which may lead to life-threatening. The disease progresses rapidly in some children and eventually leads to death [severe cases are mainly enterovirus 71 (EV 71), with a mortality rate of 10% to 25%]. The age of hand, foot and mouth disease is 6 months to 5 years old, and it often occurs in summer and autumn. People are generally susceptible to enterovirus and can be infected in different age groups. The transmission route is complex and the transmission speed is fast. It can be infected mainly through fecal-oral and respiratory droplets, contact with the patient's skin and mucous membranes, herpes fluid, and contaminated hands, towels, clothes and toys. Daily prevention of hand, foot and mouth disease can be achieved by vaccination with hand, foot and mouth disease EV 71 inactivated vaccine, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of severe illness and death. Children should be trained to pay attention to personal hygiene habits, wash their hands frequently, pay attention to diet, ventilate frequently, dry clothes and quilts frequently, do not go to crowded public places with poor air circulation, avoid contact with sick children, pay attention to children's hands, feet, mouth and buttocks during epidemic seasons to see if they have symptoms of rash, enhance immunity, develop good living habits, supplement nutrition, and do appropriate physical exercise to enhance physical fitness.

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3. Mumps

Mumps is most prevalent in winter and spring. Mumps, also known as "mumps", is an acute viral infectious disease caused by the mumps virus. It mainly occurs in children and adolescents aged 1 to 15 years old. It can occur throughout the year, mainly in winter and spring. It is generally present in the patient's saliva and is transmitted by droplets. For this disease, the incubation period is about 3 weeks. For most sick children, the earliest symptom is swelling and pain under the ear. A few sick children show parotid swelling. One to two days ago, they developed fever, headache, vomiting, poor appetite and other systemic discomfort symptoms, followed by pain under one or both ears, that is, swollen parotids. The onset process is about 1-2 weeks. Mumps can be accompanied by encephalitis, pancreatitis, orchitis or oophoritis. If the pain is severe, local cold compresses or external application of Chinese herbal medicine should be performed, drink plenty of boiled water and semi-liquid food, open windows for ventilation, rest in bed, and try to isolate at home. Vaccination with measles, mumps and rubella vaccine is the most effective way to prevent mumps. Develop good personal hygiene habits, avoid crowded places during the peak of the epidemic, and seek medical attention in time if related symptoms occur.

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4. Viral enteritis

Rotavirus enteritis is mostly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and mostly occurs in infants and young children aged 6 to 24 months, and is rare in those over four years old. The onset is acute, and is often accompanied by fever and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms at the beginning, with persistent and frequent watery stools, vomiting, etc. For patients with enteritis, it should be based on the specific situation. If the fever is not high, antipyretic drugs can be given. However, for patients with enteritis who have a fever, dehydration should be prevented. Physical cooling methods are applicable to a variety of diseases, such as acute upper respiratory tract infections. If the temperature reaches above 38.5°, the patient will show obvious fatigue and drowsiness, and oral antipyretic drugs are needed in time. During the fever observation and isolation period, the wards of general hospitals should be prepared for relevant supplies.

5. Tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria can be transmitted through droplets. It can be cured by early and standardized medication. Improper medication can easily cause drug-resistant tuberculosis, which makes treatment difficult and expensive. Symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis: patients are often tired and cough with blood in sputum, cough for more than two weeks, hemoptysis, accompanied by chest tightness, chest pain, low fever, night sweats, fatigue, loss of appetite and weight loss. The most powerful weapon to prevent pulmonary tuberculosis is to vaccinate infants within three months with BCG vaccine free of charge as required, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of severe tuberculosis in children. In crowded places such as classrooms and dormitories, open windows frequently for ventilation; develop good living habits, eat a balanced diet, combine work and rest, ensure adequate sleep, strengthen exercise, improve immunity, and regularly screen for tuberculosis.

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Influencing factors: Children's body tissues and organs are not yet fully developed. Being affected by viruses and other factors will cause children to develop various diseases, which will directly affect their physical health. Therefore, corresponding preventive measures should be taken to enhance children's immunity and keep their bodies healthy. Vaccination is an effective means to reduce children's diseases. Through artificial cultivation and subsequent vaccination of viruses, bacteria and other preventive drugs, the human body can obtain antibodies without getting sick, and can effectively prevent children from getting sick, directly ensuring the physical and mental health of children.

2. Myopia

Children's eyeballs and vision mature gradually. Parents should always pay attention to their children's eye health. Myopia is a common eye disease in children. Myopia is one of the main factors that endanger the vision health of teenagers. In particular, the continued increase in the incidence of myopia in children in recent years has brought serious harm to the vision health and even physical and mental health of children and teenagers, and has become a public health issue that has attracted much attention. At present, its main influencing factors include the following: First, genetic factors. Relevant studies have shown that most genetic factors have a significant relationship with the occurrence of myopia, and myopia has a certain hereditary nature. Second, close-range work and study. For children, the first and most critical step in the formation of myopia is to use the eyes at close range. The correct reading and writing distance is generally around 30cm. It is found that there is an obvious inverse relationship between the decline in vision and the reading and writing distance of teenagers. It is easy to have a decline in vision at ultra-close distances. For teenagers and children, because they read too early and do not pay enough attention to reading and writing postures, they are prone to fatigue while developing incorrect postures and form pseudomyopia. Third, long-term use of computers and televisions, as televisions and computers become more and more popular, excessive obsession with computers and televisions, and continuous use of the eyes without proper rest can easily lead to vision loss. Make full use of natural light for lighting during the day, while avoiding direct sunlight. In addition to turning on the desk lamp at night, appropriate background light sources should be used indoors. According to previous studies on myopia and related risk factors, the important factors affecting myopia are myopia, education level, and social status.

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3. Malnutrition

Children's nutritional status is a sensitive indicator to measure their health level. Since children are in the growth and development stage, they have relatively more nutritional needs. Nutritional deficiencies caused by insufficient protein and calorie intake are clinically manifested by significant weight loss, subcutaneous fat loss, slow height growth, delayed growth and development, dry and yellow hair, hypoglycemia, anemia, osteoporosis, abnormal bone and tooth development, low calcium convulsions, decreased immune function, and subcutaneous edema in severe cases, often accompanied by dysfunction of various organ systems. At present, as people's living standards continue to improve, children's health care is receiving more and more attention. The nutrients required by the human body play an important role in the growth and development of children. In addition to affecting the synthesis of various enzymes in the human body, they can also repair damaged organisms and promote growth and development. Since the dietary conditions of children of different ages are significantly different, food intake will also be affected by picky eating and other behaviors. Therefore, relevant education should be done well, and the children's conditions should be corrected and guided while testing, and various ways of supplementing nutrients should be introduced in detail. Correct partial eating, picky eating and unreasonable snacking, and guide children to eat at fixed locations, at fixed times, in fixed quantities, and with full concentration; increase staple foods to supplement calories, add high-quality protein, and ensure adequate sleep.

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Influencing factors: Disease states caused by the mismatch between the supply and demand of nutrition in childhood. In infancy, if there is no breast milk or insufficient breast milk, the baby is in a state of hidden hunger for a long time, the feeding method is improper, and formula milk and other complementary foods are not added in time, which can cause malnutrition. In addition, bad behaviors such as partiality and picky eating can also cause malnutrition, also known as primary malnutrition. Other reasons such as malabsorption, such as chronic diarrhea, repeated respiratory infections, food allergies or other chronic gastrointestinal diseases, may also lead to malnutrition in children. For children, it is very easy to have nutritional deficiencies during the growth process. At the same time, it is easy to develop anemia, leading to rickets, and even affecting the intelligence level of children and reducing immunity. With the continuous improvement of the current national level, the nutritional status has improved, but for children, most of them have symptoms of iron and zinc imbalance, which is mainly related to their parents. For children under one year old, most parents believe that because their digestive function is not yet mature, they do not eat enough meat and are prone to iron deficiency. This situation will be significantly improved for slightly older children. Childhood is a critical period of growth and development. The causes, effects and preventive measures of malnutrition in children are very important.