What does a routine urine test for women check?

During the physical examination, urine routine test is a routine examination. The main examination items include urine specific gravity, uric acid alkalinity, white blood cells, nitrite, urine protein, etc. Substances in urine can determine whether some body tissues are normal. For example, if the urine protein is too high, it may mean that there is a problem with kidney function and timely review and diagnosis are needed.

The main items of female urine routine examination are as follows:

1. Urine specific gravity (SG): Random urine with low specific gravity in adults: seen in patients with diabetes insipidus, polycystic kidney disease, or those who use diuretics or consume too much water. High specific gravity urine: seen in diabetes, congestive heart failure, dehydration, vomiting.

2. Uric acid alkalinity (PH): The acidity is around 5 to 8 (normal). If it is greater than 8, there may be urinary tract infection, inflammation or poor kidney function. Less than 5 may indicate starvation or ketoacidosis.

3. White blood cells (LEU) An increase in white blood cells in urine indicates inflammation of the urinary tract.

4. Nitrite (NIT) bacterial infection.

5. Urine protein (PRO) Pathological proteinuria: kidney inflammation, nephrotic syndrome, high fever, pregnancy toxemia, etc.

6. Urine sugar (GLU), diabetes.

7. Urine ketone bodies (KET), diabetes.

8. If the urobilinogen (UBG) is too high, it may indicate hemolytic jaundice, acute hepatitis, cirrhosis and other diseases. If not, it means there may be bile duct obstruction.

9. Bilirubin (U-BiL) There is no bilirubin in normal urine. If there is (+) it means there is bile duct obstruction or liver disease.

10. Erythrocytes in urine (ERY): Urinary tract stones, kidney inflammation or urinary system cancer, etc.

11. Yellow-green, turbid, or blood-red urine indicates a problem.

Misunderstandings of Urine Routine Examination

1. Sudden increase in red blood cells

The reference range of red blood cell sediment is 0-2/HP, but patients often go to doctors with test reports that are out of range, worried that they have "renal bleeding or lower urinary tract bleeding." In fact, many women are excluded after the examination because their "conclusions" are based on menstrual urine samples and are unreliable.

Women's urine is often mixed with vaginal secretions. The sudden increase in red blood cells is actually most likely due to the menstrual period. In urine extraction, red blood cells are very important "examination objects".

Women must not do routine urine tests during their menstrual or ovulation period, because the red blood cell morphology is destroyed and the number will also change at this time. In addition, holding urine will also greatly damage the morphology of red blood cells, and the pH value of urine will also change accordingly.

2. Increased urine protein

Protein fluctuations and a positive result sometimes do not necessarily mean that the patient has nephritis. Urine protein is a relatively "active" substance. It varies greatly within 24 hours, and qualitative tests are relatively rough. A positive result sometimes does not necessarily mean that the patient has nephritis. Therefore, multiple measurements are needed to be confirmed.

Protein may be produced when the human body stands upright for too long, after strenuous exercise, or after drinking large amounts of milk. Physiological protein should also be avoided during the examination. In addition, preservatives should not be used in urine specimens; it is best to use urine tests after centrifugation; the urine pH value should be adjusted to 7.0 and checked in a timely manner. In addition, when doing quantitative analysis, it is advisable to use 24-hour urine creatinine quantification to evaluate the quality of urine specimens.

The qualitative analysis of urine protein in normal people is negative or weakly positive, and the quantitative analysis is less than 150 mg/24 h (if it exceeds this level, it is called "proteinuria"). Those who test positive do not need to be afraid, especially men, as they may have just performed strenuous exercise, in which case it is not surprising that the protein level increased, so further quantitative tests are necessary.

3. Urine ketone test is positive

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine may mean that the body lacks sufficient insulin to metabolize glucose and needs fat for energy. This is more common in patients with type 1 diabetes who have poor metabolism. Many patients go to the hospital for blood tests while undergoing starvation therapy or not eating breakfast, and also undergo urine ketone tests. In such cases, ketone bodies that are not usually present may appear positive, but this does not necessarily mean that the patient is suffering from ketone poisoning.

The most common false "intoxication" of ketone bodies is tested under hunger, so patients should "fill their stomachs" before testing.

In addition, if the child has an acute illness, ketonuria may also occur. Cold weather, tension after strenuous exercise, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, etc. may all lead to an increase in urinary ketone bodies.

4. Urine color turns yellow

Urine color is also an important item in routine examinations and citizens "like to judge for themselves". Urine in a healthy state should be yellow or light yellowish brown, but the color of urine is related to many factors, among which the most important is urine pigment. Experts believe that urochrome is produced by the kidneys and the excretion amount is fixed, so the depth of urine color is basically parallel to the specific gravity of urine. If you drink plenty of water, your urine volume will increase and the urine will be light or colorless; conversely, if your urine volume decreases, the urine will be concentrated and appear dark yellow or dark tea color.

Experts say that urine color can indeed determine the problems of many diseases. For example, light urine and too little urine may indicate poor kidney function; dark brown or nearly black may be methemoglobinuria or hematuria.

5. Urine smells bad

Urine will automatically become smelly if left for a long time because the molecules in the urine will continue to decompose and decay. If urine is left for too long, it may produce ammonia odor due to the action of bacteria. Therefore, the determination of urine odor should be based on the principle of timely inspection of fresh urine. Citizens should not think that they are sick just because their urine smells "bad" after being left there for a long time.