What is the cause of bleeding during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, especially in the early stages of pregnancy, if the fetus is stable, there will be no problems. However, many pregnant women will experience various problems in the early stages of pregnancy, and vaginal bleeding clots are a relatively common phenomenon. There are many causes of vaginal bleeding, such as chromosomal abnormalities, maternal factors, etc. If not treated in time, pregnant women may even face the risk of miscarriage.

1. Causes

1. Chromosomal abnormalities

Chromosomal abnormalities are the main cause of miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities include two categories: quantitative abnormalities and structural abnormalities. Studies have shown that 50% to 60% of pregnancies in early spontaneous abortions have chromosomal abnormalities. If one of the couple has a chromosomal abnormality, it can be passed on to the offspring and may cause miscarriage or recurrent miscarriage.

2. Maternal factors

(1) Systemic diseases: High fever in case of systemic infection can induce uterine contraction and cause miscarriage. Infection with certain known pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and cytomegalovirus are associated with miscarriage. Ischemic and hypoxic diseases such as heart failure, severe anemia, hypertension, chronic nephritis, and severe malnutrition in pregnant women can also lead to miscarriage.

(2) Endocrine abnormalities such as luteal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, etc.

(3) Abnormal immune function.

(4) Severe nutritional deficiencies.

(5) Bad habits such as smoking, alcoholism, excessive coffee drinking or use of drugs such as heroin.

(6) Adverse factors in the environment, such as formaldehyde, benzene, lead and other harmful chemicals.

(7) Uterine defects such as congenital uterine malformation, submucous uterine fibroids, intrauterine adhesions, etc.

(8) Trauma, such as abdominal compression or rapid impact, even surgery, excessive sexual intercourse, etc.

(9) Emotional trauma, such as excessive fear, sadness, anger, etc.

2. Clinical manifestations

1. Menopause

Most patients with spontaneous abortion have a history of obvious amenorrhea.

2. Vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain

The first symptom is often vaginal bleeding, which is usually small in amount and often dark red, or bloody leucorrhea, but can sometimes last for 4 to 5 days or more than a week. A few hours to a few weeks after the bleeding occurs, it may be accompanied by mild lower abdominal pain or back pain. After 12 weeks of pregnancy, patients may sometimes feel paroxysmal abdominal pain.

Gynecological examination revealed that the cervix was not dilated, no products of pregnancy were discharged, and the size of the uterus was consistent with the time of amenorrhea.

Treatment

In addition to bed rest and strictly prohibiting sexual intercourse, the treatment of threatened abortion should create an environment that is conducive to stabilizing the patient's mood and relieving tension. For those with a history of miscarriage, more spiritual support should be given. If the pregnant woman's progesterone level is low, progesterone supportive therapy can be used.